Our understanding of sunspots is far from complete despite intensive research over hundreds of years. Radiation at submillimeter and millimeter wavelengths is formed in local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) in the low to mid chromosphere, and its intensity depends linearly on the ambient temperature of the medium. Observations at these wavelengths thus provide important diagnostics of sunspot chromospheres (Loukitcheva et al. 2014). The largest radio telescope in the world, the Atacama […]

In the current literature the acceleration of particles during solar flares is attributed to either weak turbulence or to large scale Unstable Current Sheet (UCS). The way UCS drive weak turbulence in a separated volume on the loop top or inside the loops below the UCS was never been presented in detail. During the last thirty years the plasma physics community developed the concept of turbulent reconnection. This concept went unnoticed […]