Kocharov, Leon, Silja Pohjolainen, Alexander Mishev, Mike J. Reiner, Jeongwoo Lee, Timo Laitinen, Leonid V. Didkovsky, Victor J. Pizzo, Roksoon Kim, Andreas Klassen, Marian Karlicky, Kyung-Suk Cho, Dale E. Gary, Ilya Usoskin, Eino Valtonen, and Rami Vainio, Investigating the Origins of Two Extreme Solar Particle Events: Proton Source Profile and Associated Electromagnetic Emissions, ApJ, 839, 79 (2017) (ADS)
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Date: 2019 December 13
A rather complex scenario set up to explain the GLE/CME events SOL1998-05-02 and SOL2003-11-02, with some elements resembling the suggestion in the Li cartoon. It is another "double-barreled" event idea, with a flare, whose global wave W triggers a microwave-rich event outside the active region. This would be the source of the CME, whose shock front accelerates relativistic protons above the dashed line, some of which can "escape" into the heliosphere at point O or (Archivist's guess) anywhere the CME may propagate. This may include open fields, as described in the Cliver cartoon, but why not within the closed fields of the streamer as well?