The Origin of Major Solar Activity: Collisional Shearing between Nonconjugated Polarities of Multiple Bipoles Emerging within Active Regions

With patience, one can see how this striking cartoon, which evokes Severnyi's "moustaches", explains how colliding active magnetic regions can transfer shear flows into flux-rope magnetism in the corona. This is an application of flux cancellation as shown here, spectacularly and elsewhere - see also the Schmieder cartoon, for example. This important paper has several other really nice cartoons and interestingly distinguishes "self-PIL" from "collisional PIL".